DeepseekerADS
Gold Member
- Mar 3, 2013
- 14,880
- 21,725
- Detector(s) used
- CTX, Excal II, EQ800, Fisher 1260X, Tesoro Royal Sabre, Tejon, Garrett ADSIII, Carrot, Stealth 920iX, Keene A52
- Primary Interest:
- Other
Ebola Virus: The Basics
By David S. Addington
The spread of the Ebola virus raises substantial public health concerns in the United States and abroad. With the proper leadership and use of available resources, the U.S. can address these concerns effectively. Appropriate U.S. government humanitarian assistance to address the Ebola situation in West Africa, and measured and coordinated deployment at home of federal, state, and local capabilities to combat Ebola, can save many lives.
Ebola Virus Disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) the symptoms of Ebola include (1) fever greater than 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit, (2) severe headache, (3) muscle pain, (4) weakness, (5) diarrhea, (6) vomiting, (7) abdominal pain, and (8) unexplained bleeding. The CDC reports that those who contract Ebola exhibit symptoms, on average, eight to 10 days after exposure to Ebola, but notes that symptoms may first appear as early as two days or as late as 21 days after exposure.[1]
The CDC advises that Ebola transmission to a human occurs through direct contact with (1) blood or body fluids such as saliva, sweat, semen, urine, feces, vomit, and breast milk, (2) virus-contaminated objects such as needles and syringes, or (3) infected animals. The CDC emphasizes that Ebola does not spread through the air, through water, or, generally, by food.[2] Also, the CDC notes that those who recover from Ebola can no longer spread the virus (except that Ebola virus has been found in semen for up to three months after recovery) and have antibodies in their immune system that help resist Ebola for at least 10 years thereafter.[3]
For practical advice on avoiding Ebola, the CDC encourages, among other things, careful hygiene, including handwashing with soap and water or alcohol-based sanitizer, and avoidance of contact with blood or body fluids of an individual with Ebola, which may occur, for example, through contact with clothes, bedding, needles, medical, equipment, or the live body or remains of an individual with Ebola.[4] As part of its campaign to educate the public, the CDC has published a simple two-page document titled “What You Need to Know About Ebola” available for downloading from the Internet.[5] The document notes that about half of the people who have contracted Ebola in the current outbreak have died.
Humanitarian Aid Abroad Helps Protect the Homeland. The United States has a long history of providing humanitarian assistance to foreign countries or populations in many natural disasters, to help them avoid or mitigate human suffering.[6] The U.S. sometimes provides such assistance alone, but more often acts in cooperation with other countries, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The U.S. often provides humanitarian assistance simply as a matter of moral leadership or good relations with a foreign country. In some situations, however, the U.S. also has a direct national interest at stake, as occurs when U.S. assistance to a foreign country fighting a disease outbreak both meets humanitarian needs in that country and constitutes the first line of defense in preventing or reducing the spread of the disease (such as Ebola) to the American people.
As of October 9, 2014, the U.S. government listed three countries, all in West Africa, as having widespread transmission of Ebola: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. In addition, the government listed one country, also in West Africa, as having localized transmission of Ebola: Nigeria (in Lagos and Port Harcourt). Finally, the government listed two countries as having travel-associated cases of Ebola: Senegal (in Dakar) and the United States (Dallas).[7] The CDC also acknowledges a confirmed case of Ebola in Spain.[8] As of October 8, 2014, the World Health Organization reported 8,399 confirmed, probable, and suspected cases of Ebola virus disease in the seven currently affected countries and 4,033 deaths.[9]
The U.S. government has responded with extensive humanitarian assistance in West Africa in response to the Ebola situation, with aid ranging from treatment units, to mobile testing labs, to personal protective equipment for medical personnel.[10] In addition to the activities of U.S. Agency for International Development personnel and other U.S. agency civilians often involved in providing humanitarian assistance in medical disasters, the President also directed deployment of elements of the U.S. armed forces to assist. Such assistance reportedly will include deployment of an estimated 3,000 members of the U.S. armed forces, to establish in Liberia a regional headquarters for military support to U.S. assistance activities, facilitate transportation of supplies and personnel, construct Ebola treatment units, and train health care personnel.[11]
Protecting the American People at Home. The United States has dealt with significant threats to public health many times, from the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia in the autumn of 1793, to the national influenza pandemic in 1918, to the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic that began in the 1980s.[12] Federal, state, local, territorial and tribal governments and the private sector have planned together and work together to address threats of communicable disease.[13]
State, local, territorial, tribal and private sector medical personnel constitute the first responders to a serious communicable disease outbreak when it occurs in the United States.[14] Health care providers must report occurrences of certain serious diseases to state, local, territorial, or tribal public health officials, who in turn report occurrences of specified diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) to the CDC. The NNDSS allows the CDC to develop and share information concerning disease outbreaks and to advise officials responsible for making decisions about responses to outbreaks.[15]
If situations arise with respect to outbreaks that state, local, territorial, and tribal health authorities cannot satisfactorily address, the federal government can exercise broad legal authorities to address the situations. The authority of the Surgeon General of the United States, who heads the U.S. Public Health Service, includes the power to issue, with the approval of the Secretary of HHS, “such regulations as in his judgment are necessary to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the States or possessions, or from one State or possession into any other State or possession,” regulations which may go so far in certain circumstances as to involve apprehension and detention of individuals.[16] The Surgeon General also has authority to issue regulations, with the President’s approval, to exclude introduction into the U.S. of persons or property from a foreign country when the Surgeon General determines that “by reason of the existence of any communicable disease in a foreign country there is serious danger of the introduction of such disease into the United States, and that this danger is so increased by the introduction of persons or property from such country that a suspension of the right to introduce such persons and property is required in the interest of the public health….”[17] The law imposes criminal penalties for violating the Surgeon General’s regulations.[18] The Surgeon General has issued regulations implementing the statutory authority.[19]
Other federal agencies may exercise statutory authority available to them in emergencies to assist in combatting the spread of disease. For example, the Food and Drug Administration of HHS issued an emergency use authorization for an in vitro diagnostic device for the detection of the Ebola Zaire virus detected in the West Africa outbreak in 2014 under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.[20] Similarly, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of HHS exercised its statutory authority to provide funding to Mapp Pharmaceuticals, Inc., of San Diego, California, to accelerate work on a potential treatment for Ebola.[21] The Bureau of Customs and Border Protection of the Department of Homeland Security, working with the CDC, has implemented screening for possible Ebola exposure of travelers from Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone arriving at any of the five airports that serve as the entry points for 94 percent of the travelers entering the U.S. from West Africa.[22]
Conclusion: Timely Collection of Information, Professionalism in Response, and Public Dissemination of Information Will Help Protect the American People. As federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal health authorities continue to work together to assess and respond to Ebola risks in the U.S., and U.S. civilian agencies and the U.S. armed forces work with foreign governments and non-governmental organizations to alleviate suffering and prevent the spread of Ebola in West Africa, senior government officials in the U.S. have important roles. Those at the highest levels of responsibility in the U.S. Congress and executive branch should keep themselves fully informed on the health and economic consequences of the Ebola outbreak so they can help ensure (1) effective and efficient use of the substantial U.S. taxpayer funds involved, (2) that the professionals with the requisite training at all levels of government work together effectively, and (3) that the public is kept accurately informed in a timely manner. Both at home and abroad, and at all levels of government, the dissemination of accurate, understandable information about the Ebola situation, and about government and private responses to it, is crucial.
By David S. Addington
The spread of the Ebola virus raises substantial public health concerns in the United States and abroad. With the proper leadership and use of available resources, the U.S. can address these concerns effectively. Appropriate U.S. government humanitarian assistance to address the Ebola situation in West Africa, and measured and coordinated deployment at home of federal, state, and local capabilities to combat Ebola, can save many lives.
Ebola Virus Disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) the symptoms of Ebola include (1) fever greater than 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit, (2) severe headache, (3) muscle pain, (4) weakness, (5) diarrhea, (6) vomiting, (7) abdominal pain, and (8) unexplained bleeding. The CDC reports that those who contract Ebola exhibit symptoms, on average, eight to 10 days after exposure to Ebola, but notes that symptoms may first appear as early as two days or as late as 21 days after exposure.[1]
The CDC advises that Ebola transmission to a human occurs through direct contact with (1) blood or body fluids such as saliva, sweat, semen, urine, feces, vomit, and breast milk, (2) virus-contaminated objects such as needles and syringes, or (3) infected animals. The CDC emphasizes that Ebola does not spread through the air, through water, or, generally, by food.[2] Also, the CDC notes that those who recover from Ebola can no longer spread the virus (except that Ebola virus has been found in semen for up to three months after recovery) and have antibodies in their immune system that help resist Ebola for at least 10 years thereafter.[3]
For practical advice on avoiding Ebola, the CDC encourages, among other things, careful hygiene, including handwashing with soap and water or alcohol-based sanitizer, and avoidance of contact with blood or body fluids of an individual with Ebola, which may occur, for example, through contact with clothes, bedding, needles, medical, equipment, or the live body or remains of an individual with Ebola.[4] As part of its campaign to educate the public, the CDC has published a simple two-page document titled “What You Need to Know About Ebola” available for downloading from the Internet.[5] The document notes that about half of the people who have contracted Ebola in the current outbreak have died.
Humanitarian Aid Abroad Helps Protect the Homeland. The United States has a long history of providing humanitarian assistance to foreign countries or populations in many natural disasters, to help them avoid or mitigate human suffering.[6] The U.S. sometimes provides such assistance alone, but more often acts in cooperation with other countries, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The U.S. often provides humanitarian assistance simply as a matter of moral leadership or good relations with a foreign country. In some situations, however, the U.S. also has a direct national interest at stake, as occurs when U.S. assistance to a foreign country fighting a disease outbreak both meets humanitarian needs in that country and constitutes the first line of defense in preventing or reducing the spread of the disease (such as Ebola) to the American people.
As of October 9, 2014, the U.S. government listed three countries, all in West Africa, as having widespread transmission of Ebola: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. In addition, the government listed one country, also in West Africa, as having localized transmission of Ebola: Nigeria (in Lagos and Port Harcourt). Finally, the government listed two countries as having travel-associated cases of Ebola: Senegal (in Dakar) and the United States (Dallas).[7] The CDC also acknowledges a confirmed case of Ebola in Spain.[8] As of October 8, 2014, the World Health Organization reported 8,399 confirmed, probable, and suspected cases of Ebola virus disease in the seven currently affected countries and 4,033 deaths.[9]
The U.S. government has responded with extensive humanitarian assistance in West Africa in response to the Ebola situation, with aid ranging from treatment units, to mobile testing labs, to personal protective equipment for medical personnel.[10] In addition to the activities of U.S. Agency for International Development personnel and other U.S. agency civilians often involved in providing humanitarian assistance in medical disasters, the President also directed deployment of elements of the U.S. armed forces to assist. Such assistance reportedly will include deployment of an estimated 3,000 members of the U.S. armed forces, to establish in Liberia a regional headquarters for military support to U.S. assistance activities, facilitate transportation of supplies and personnel, construct Ebola treatment units, and train health care personnel.[11]
Protecting the American People at Home. The United States has dealt with significant threats to public health many times, from the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia in the autumn of 1793, to the national influenza pandemic in 1918, to the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic that began in the 1980s.[12] Federal, state, local, territorial and tribal governments and the private sector have planned together and work together to address threats of communicable disease.[13]
State, local, territorial, tribal and private sector medical personnel constitute the first responders to a serious communicable disease outbreak when it occurs in the United States.[14] Health care providers must report occurrences of certain serious diseases to state, local, territorial, or tribal public health officials, who in turn report occurrences of specified diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) to the CDC. The NNDSS allows the CDC to develop and share information concerning disease outbreaks and to advise officials responsible for making decisions about responses to outbreaks.[15]
If situations arise with respect to outbreaks that state, local, territorial, and tribal health authorities cannot satisfactorily address, the federal government can exercise broad legal authorities to address the situations. The authority of the Surgeon General of the United States, who heads the U.S. Public Health Service, includes the power to issue, with the approval of the Secretary of HHS, “such regulations as in his judgment are necessary to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the States or possessions, or from one State or possession into any other State or possession,” regulations which may go so far in certain circumstances as to involve apprehension and detention of individuals.[16] The Surgeon General also has authority to issue regulations, with the President’s approval, to exclude introduction into the U.S. of persons or property from a foreign country when the Surgeon General determines that “by reason of the existence of any communicable disease in a foreign country there is serious danger of the introduction of such disease into the United States, and that this danger is so increased by the introduction of persons or property from such country that a suspension of the right to introduce such persons and property is required in the interest of the public health….”[17] The law imposes criminal penalties for violating the Surgeon General’s regulations.[18] The Surgeon General has issued regulations implementing the statutory authority.[19]
Other federal agencies may exercise statutory authority available to them in emergencies to assist in combatting the spread of disease. For example, the Food and Drug Administration of HHS issued an emergency use authorization for an in vitro diagnostic device for the detection of the Ebola Zaire virus detected in the West Africa outbreak in 2014 under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.[20] Similarly, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of HHS exercised its statutory authority to provide funding to Mapp Pharmaceuticals, Inc., of San Diego, California, to accelerate work on a potential treatment for Ebola.[21] The Bureau of Customs and Border Protection of the Department of Homeland Security, working with the CDC, has implemented screening for possible Ebola exposure of travelers from Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone arriving at any of the five airports that serve as the entry points for 94 percent of the travelers entering the U.S. from West Africa.[22]
Conclusion: Timely Collection of Information, Professionalism in Response, and Public Dissemination of Information Will Help Protect the American People. As federal, state, local, territorial, and tribal health authorities continue to work together to assess and respond to Ebola risks in the U.S., and U.S. civilian agencies and the U.S. armed forces work with foreign governments and non-governmental organizations to alleviate suffering and prevent the spread of Ebola in West Africa, senior government officials in the U.S. have important roles. Those at the highest levels of responsibility in the U.S. Congress and executive branch should keep themselves fully informed on the health and economic consequences of the Ebola outbreak so they can help ensure (1) effective and efficient use of the substantial U.S. taxpayer funds involved, (2) that the professionals with the requisite training at all levels of government work together effectively, and (3) that the public is kept accurately informed in a timely manner. Both at home and abroad, and at all levels of government, the dissemination of accurate, understandable information about the Ebola situation, and about government and private responses to it, is crucial.
