In 2021, Tesla said that for its standard-range vehicles it would be changing to lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) cathodes, which are cobalt- and nickel-free.
Prices have bottomed out but have struggled to meaningfully rebound, partly because miners, refiners and carmakers are still working through a mound of surplus stock clogging up the supply chain. Apr 9, 2024
At the end of 2021, Tesla inked a fresh three year lithium supply deal with top lithium producer Ganfeng Lithium
Sodium-ion battery charges faster than lithium-ion variants and have a three times higher lifecycle.
Salt. Lithium's close chemical cousin, sodium, has been the basis for research into new batteries for years now. One half of sodium chloride, or table salt, it sits in the square below lithium on the periodic table, also in group 1, but weightier.
The battery replacement cost varies depending on the model year and size. Estimates suggest that the batteries for the Model S cost between $12,000 and $15,000. After labor charges, the total repair cost is about $20,000 to $22,000. Feb 9, 2024
According to the study, electric vehicles require two and a half times as much copper as an internal combustion engine vehicle. The report states that copper demand will double to 50,000,000 metric tons annually by 2035, more than all the copper consumed in the world between 1900 and 2021.