Earliest High-Altitude Colonization

uniface

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Interestingly enough there aren't very many places in the world where 16,000 feet above sea level is anything other than the side/peak of a mountain permanently below zero. They are all in the Himalayas (Tibet or surrounding areas) and a couple places in the Andes. Those high plateaus in the Himalayas have a unique "warm" climate and vegetation that can support low density grazing, thus probably something to kill and eat in ancient times. The areas in the Andes might only have vegetation in good years, so not much need to settle in ancient times. (Modern times it's for gold mining.)

Would those be recognizable tools in the US, probably not. The picture they posted isn't the greatest, I've seen some other examples that show a lot more recognizable bladelet work and edge wear that most of us would recognize (edges that look like thumb scrapers.)

Interesting article --
https://www.sott.net/article/401773-Tibetan-Plateau-colonised-30000-years-ago

The $64,000.00 Question is how many of us would write the artifacts in the picture there off as "Sorry -- just stones. Not tools."

Food for thought.
 

Not much patina on those stones for 30K yrs. old. In fact, no patina at all. Must be that altitude. Hmmm? Gary
 

One I posted before is a good match for the one on top left. That’s the stuff you find around the “rock pile” sites around here.

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Interesting that we know the Denisovans from only a few fragments from Denisova cave, and it is DNA from Denisovans that helped Tibetans live at high altitudes.
 

One I posted before is a good match for the one on top left. That’s the stuff you find around the “rock pile” sites around here.

View attachment 1656191

Yes, that does not look like a flaked stone artifact. As far as found around "rock pile" sites around here, very few people on this forum are familiar with the type of sites you are referring to. Curtiss Hoffman, archaeologist with the Massachusetts Archaeological Society has completed a survey of lithic rock pile sites for the entire East coast. At present, there is an ongoing debate among archaeologists pitting proponents of field clearing activity by settlers vs. those who believe at least some of these sites were constructed by Native Americans.

In Vol. 43, 2015, of "Archaeology of Eastern North America", RI state archaeologist Timothy Ives argued for a settler origin for the many rock pile sites in New England. My own team was among the first to produce a plane table survey of a major rock pile site in this region, and located in Kent Co., RI. That survey took place in the late 70's. IMHO, it's a mixed bag. I do believe some of these sites are associated with native activity. A major site located in Washington Co., RI was dedicated last year by members of the Narragansett nation.

I do believe you will actually find rocks such as you show everywhere in our rock strewn Northeastern landscape. They are not exclusive to rock pile sites, and it's unlikely they are artifacts at all. But, that is just my opinion.
 

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Loved your observation re. climate & geography, Josh. But not this one:
Would those be recognizable tools in the US, probably not. The picture they posted isn't the greatest, I've seen some other examples that show a lot more recognizable bladelet work and edge wear that most of us would recognize (edges that look like thumb scrapers.)
There's some fairly recent conceptual catch-up work to be done there.

Doc Gramly's made two recent papers publicly available @ Researchgate.net (they're posted under his name), surveying Cumberland culture flake tools and blade tools. They are even cruder than the Tibetan ones but identifiable by Cumberland excavated context and edge wear analysis.

A bigger picture point he makes relates to his belief that Clovis evolved here from El Jobo roots introduced from the south (which you're intimately acquainted with, I know) rather than from transatlantic migration. To wit, European blade tools, from the Aurignacian on, were made as tool blanks for modification but Cumberland-Clovis tradition made them to be used as-is, and discarded for new ones in lithic-rich environments. (Less effort to make a new one).

Collectors knew long ago that the amount of edge curation (which people take gto be the gold standard of tool-vs.-not-tool evaluation) on these was proportionate to the distance from their lithic sources. (Nobody's going to go 300 miles back to winter quarters at the favorite lithic exposure for new ones when the ones they had with them could be touched up/re-cycled). (These consequently display rubbing on their arises from jostling during transportation in bags).

Even Hopewell microblades here in the east are not frequently retouched -- when edges are chipped they're more easily attributed to use wear).

FWIW
 

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Charl, you shouldn’t have to tiptoe so much to be accepted, and hopefully the next generation won’t. I find it impossible to believe someone of your experience didn’t notice the crude artifacts laying around, but maybe since I am at the source it is just here. No one who has spent more than five minutes looking into rock piles thinks it’s colonial feild clearing.
 

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