You've already recognized the civil war era "eagle button" located to the left of the black rubber US Navy button.
All of the others, with the possible exception of the tarnished brass US Navy button at 11 o'clock, are from the 20th Century.
The "Great Seal" buttons with no raised rim encircling the emblem are from 1902 to 1910. With rim means 1911 to present day.
The Navy buttons at center in the photo have what is called a "self-shank back" which dates from the early 1900s through today. I believe those two are not actual military-issue, but instead are civilian-usage "fashion" imitations of an actual US Navy button.
The black rubber US Navy button dates from 1941 to the present, because the eagle's head was changed to look to the eagle's right in that year, and hasn't changed since then.
We'll need a well-focused closeup photo of the back to be able to time-date the tarnished brass navy button.