Had a ground nest of Yellow Jackets under the grape vine across the driveway from the back door. Being a direct action type of guy, I waited until after dark when they were all in their hole. Then I took a pound can of 3F black powder I used in my 1861 revolver, put a funnel into the tiny hole, and quickly commenced pouring powder so that none of the critters could get out and attack. Used about half the can, put a fuse in the hole to the nest, lit it and stood back. It was like an upside down rocket ship for a short time, then boom, and there were smoking chunks of nest much like a paper wasp would make. Really burned a huge hole in the grapes. If I ever do it again, I'll take pictures, it's fun for everyone but the yellow jackets.