Brass casings tarnish easily. There would have been a chemical reaction between chemicals on the fingers of the loader and contact with the brass to "etch" a print onto the case. In modern cases, there is a great deal of controversy as to whether a print on a case can survive being fired considering the heat cause by the explosion. Therein lies the argument between prosecutors and defense attorneys. There is a possibility that your case, even though manufactured in the 1870's, was fired long after that time period. The corrosive properties of black powder are quite extreme, and I think if a shooter handled black powder, or at least other fired cases, he could very likely leave such a print, which is an etching, not an actual print by the time you found it. The only thing that would ruin the etching is an application of another acid that could etch over the original. The 38.40 was a black powder cartridge, .38 caliber, with 40 grains of black powder.