Is there any way to tell the difference between a fired musket ball vs a fired rifle ball?
For me, by how the ball looks after firing ,not really.
A rifle usually a looser fit due to rifling grooves.
An oversized ball pounded in might leave rifling marks.
Most are upset(out of round) after/from firing, into even a soft medium and can show fabric marks from patch material but a rifle may not leave rifling marks unless a very tight fit. Powder charge amount will figure into how upset the projectile becomes in the bore too and if ball gets swaged into some of the grooves.
A lubed patch protects it to a point.
There are some fifty caliber range smooth bores today.... kinda custom though.
Fifty four to .58 were common trade gun(smoothbore anyway) sizes around 1800.
Because a smooth bore,musket or trade gun could use shot or roundball the bore size was often greater than that of a fifty caliber rifle to allow a greater sized payload of shot.
A .62 is near twenty gauge. About as small a smoothbore I would be interested in.
So while there are exceptions with there being some very large rifle bores,and there are some small smoothbores; the majority of larger smooth bore vs smaller rifle bores
makes size of a roundball a way to guess at it's use; in the very near fifty caliber range more so.