Time frequency electromagnets
Reveal polarization and permeability
Time-frequency electromagnetics involves techniques that combine frequency-domain and time-domain methods to analyze electromagnetic fields.
Time-Domain Electromagnetic Methods (TDEM) utilize periodic current signals to induce waves in the ground, allowing for depth exploration.
Time-Frequency Electromagnetic Method (TFEM) combines these techniques to enhance the detection of deep targets by optimizing offsets and transmission periods.
Applications include geophysical surveys, deep target imaging, and hydrocarbon prediction, demonstrating the method's effectiveness in various geological contexts.
Time–frequency Electromagnetic Method for Exploring Favorable Deep Igneous Rock Targets: A Case Study from North Xinjiang
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ee...932/Time-frequency-Electromagnetic-Method-for
Time-Domain Electromagnetic Methods
Basic Concept
Conventional DC resistivity techniques have been applied for many years to a variety of geotechnical applications. More recently, electromagnetic techniques, with different advantages (and disadvantages) compared with conventional DC, have been used effectively to measure the resistivity (or its reciprocal, the conductivity) of the Earth.
Electromagnetic techniques can be broadly divided into two groups. In frequency-domain instrumentation (FDEM), the transmitter current varies sinusoidally with time at a fixed frequency that is selected on the basis of the desired depth of exploration of the measurement (high frequencies result in shallower depths). In most time-domain (TDEM) instrumentation, on the other hand, the transmitter current, although still periodic, is a modified symmetrical square wave, as shown in figure 1. It is seen that after every second quarter-period, the transmitter current is abruptly reduced to zero for one quarter period, whereupon it flows in the opposite direction.
https://archive.epa.gov/esd/archive-geophysics/web/html/time-domain_electromagnetic_methods.html
A Study of Time-Domain and Frequency- Domain
Techniques in Electromagnetics
Raji A. Abimbola
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
https://www.caeaccess.org/archives/volume7/number9/abimbola-2017-cae-652713.pdf
My apologies in advance for my slightly off topic rant. The oil industry has been using similar technology for years detecting hydrocarbons in the ground. That said my experience with petrol chemical industry is very limited.
As my area of experience was with base metals. When I was in mineral resources mining industry Like companies Rio Tinto, it was called CRA when I worked for them. BHP, Western mining. A host of other companies used from aircraft to detect magnetic variations to zero in on interesting zones of mineralization for exploration. Then come ground geophysical teams using similar techniques you mention.Then geologists working with with mineral exploration drilling team. Hacking our way to the site to what we joked to drill truth holes.Taking core samples to search for large ore bodies to be mined for economies of scale. Hundreds some some times billions are poured into mining projects.
Then the powers to be will number crunch and it will host a consortium of small companies some are gobbled up the larger mining multinationals. My part was one small part of much bigger process. Rare earth minerals are a group of 17 elements, including the lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium, that are essential for modern technology due to their unique magnetic, electrical, and optical properties. While they are not extremely rare, they are difficult to mine because they are dispersed and rarely found in concentrated deposits, making them critical for manufacturing high-tech products like electric vehicle motors, wind turbines, and smartphones.
Rare earth elements (REEs) consist of the 15 lanthanide elements, plus scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) These are soft, lustrous, and silvery-white metals that oxidize rapidly in air. The term "rare earth" is historical and refers to the elements' discovery in rare minerals. Despite the name, they are not particularly scarce in the Earth's crust; cerium, for example, is more common than copper. REEs are vital due to their strong magnetic, electrical, and optical properties. Their unique characteristics make them irreplaceable in many electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic applications. Neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy) are used to create powerful magnets for electric vehicle (EV) motors and wind turbines.
Rare earths are used in the displays of smartphones and computers, as well as in backlighting systems and LEDs. Cerium (Ce) and lanthanum (La) are components of catalytic converters in vehicles. Gadolinium (Gd) is used in MRI (magnetic resonance imaging. Most important (REE) are used in smart weapon missiles, drones and various military technologies.
(REE) are chemically similar and tend to be dispersed throughout the Earth's crust, rather than found in concentrated deposits that are economically viable to mine. Extracting and purifying rare earth elements from the ores requires complex and costly processes to achieve usable concentrations. And that is major problem for us.
Here is a more detailed breakdown of countries with significant rare earth reserves: The countries with the largest rare earth element (REE) reserves are China, Brazil, India, Australia, Russia, Vietnam, and the United States, according to Al Jazeera. China possesses the largest reserves and also has the most developed processing and mining infrastructure, giving it a dominant position in the global REE market. China Leads with the largest estimated reserves of rare earth minerals, controlling a significant portion of global reserves. Brazil Possesses the second-largest reserves of rare earth metals. Yet state owned CCP has got their dirty little fingers there through various proxy companies. India the wild card Holds the third-largest reserves but mostly undeveloped.
Australia Has significant reserves and is a major player in both mining and processing. But cannot compete Against CCP subsiding their industry undercutting our processing costs. One example is Chinese lithium while not technically rare earth process costs are dominated by the nation's control over the entire lithium supply chain, from mining to refining, supported by CCP government backing, substantial infrastructure, and strategic acquisitions of overseas mines.
The US government has a lithium supply problem. More than 80% of the world’s raw supply is mined in Australia, Chile, and China. The latter also controls more than half of the world’s lithium processing facilities and hosts three quarters of lithium-ion battery megafactories in the world; just a handful are in the US. The shame is we could create thousands of jobs in around Salton sea in California extracting lithium processing refining and making batteries.That would be worth billions to US economy. yet we are hamstrung by Indonesia who has Chinese CCP owned proxie company's mining and processing and undercutting the market by having zero labor and environment accountability. This vertical integration and strategic oversupply by China have led to lower prices, making it difficult for non-Chinese companies to compete and establishing against a Chinese hegemony in the midstream of the battery market.
This is how CCP dominates markets making every country subjected to them. I been screaming this out for years and politicians have stuck their fingers in their ears. USA Holds large reserves but still relies heavily on imports, particularly from China, for refined rare earth elements. The problem like all of us we cannot refine ( REE ) as cheaply as China does. And contrary to environmentalists save the gay whale brigade. Refining and processing rare earth metal is environmentally dirty. Companies in the USA and other western democracies cannot get away with the environmental impacts of what Chinese does to undercut the refining and processing market.
Once again apologies in advance of my rant. I have no doubt Assembler is correct in the leap of technologies in Finding rare earths. But if we do not become competitive in refining and processing against the Chinese our efforts will be irreverent in rare earth market. And not to be relevant in strategic metals is putting into us all in the free world in A dangerous territory.
Crow
