That is a geode and the formations are caused by mineral sedimentation.
It goes like this: The geode cavity formed in a roundabout way, from a hard little nodule that later dissolved away, leaving a void. The process started about 350 million years ago when limey sediments built up in warm, shallow seas that covered what is now central United States. The salty warm waters seeped through calcite-rich limey sediment; the salt reacted with the calcite (which is an ingredient in limestone, chalk and marble), and transformed the calcite into the minerals.
Those type geodes are common to central Indiana.
GG~