You should always have a battery between the powered device and charger, it acts as a voltage buffer. The way a charger works is by increasing voltage to the battery. The higher the voltage the more amps, so say your charger is a 2 amp, voltage coming out of the charger will be around 13.9 or more volts in order to charge the battery. The voltage has to be higher from the battery in order to charge the cell. A 10 amp charger will put out much more from 14-18 volts depending on if it has a charge controller built in, it can sense the battery voltage an adjusts charge voltage based on what voltage the battery is at. The increase of voltage is where the amperage comes from.Yes you can run straight from a charger but it is not recommended due to the higher voltage output, probably much safer with a lower amp charger if you must do this.
If you want to run 12v with no battery, best thing would to be to buy our make a 12v power supply. Easiest way to do this is get an old atx computer power supply. I made one recently that was rated at 900 watts and did 10amps out, 12volts. The voltage is regulated to stay at 12 volts even under heavy load. The black and yellow leads coming out for your hard drives etc. will have your 12v current, and if the power supply has no on/off switch built in, find the wires that would plug into the motherboard and look for a green and a black wire. Jumping these two will turn the supply on. I just throw a toggle switch between the two and then your all set. Just be sure the supply you choose is rated for your application, should say how many amps it will do and there are many different watt/amp variations of these power supplies.